Towage and salvage

Salvage laws and how they can affect you

Salvage - a voluntary service, which, when a boat is in danger at sea, saves the boat and contributes to the safety of those within the boat and its cargo.

Under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS), and other such regulations, there is a statutory duty to assistany boat in distress and to save life. 

When a boat gets into trouble at sea the priority will always be tolook after the people on board, but once you and your crew are safe, thelast thing you want to discover is a salvage claim is being madeagainst you or your boat.

Having an understanding of the principles of salvage will help you avoid such a sting in the tail! 

What is salvage?

Salvage Laws have evolved from the philosophy that the protection ofmaritime property at sea is considered of sufficient importance that itshould be encouragedby the courts through the offer of rewards to those who go to the assistance of others.

Under Salvage Law a person who recovers another person’s boat orcargo from danger at sea is entitled to a reward based on the value ofthe property saved.

This is considered fair to the boat owner and salvor based on theprinciple that a reasonable owner (or their insurer) who has avoided thetotal loss of their boat or other property through the intervention of athird party should be prepared to pay for the assistance offered, andalso the person providing assistance shouldn’t be left out of pocket fordoing so.

Salvage services could include:

• Towing
• Pilotage
• Navigating
• Standing by a boat
• Taking off any equipment
• Taking a passenger ashore
• Floating a stranded boat (or raising one which is sunken)
• Saving a derelict or wreck.

The underlying principles governing a salvage claim are:

• The service must be used by legally recognisable subjects of salvage, that is to say, any boat or property in danger in navigable waters.
• The service must be voluntary and not under a pre-arranged contract
• The subject of salvage must be in danger
• The service must either be successful or prevent or minimise damage to the environment
• The service must be performed in tidal waters (including harbours)

Given that the reward is normally payable out of the value of theproperty saved, for a salvor to be entitled to a reward something ofvalue must be saved! This is known as the ‘no cure, no pay’ principle.

Salvage in a rescue situation

Generally speaking, recreational boaters are happy to help each otherout and it is unusual for those offering assistance to claim salvage.However, if you are worried about a claim for salvage being made, it isusually cheaper to agree a payment for assistance in advance rather thanto leave it to be determined after the event.

If you’re not in imminent danger and the situation does not warrantcalling the emergency services, you would probably be better off beingup-front about fixing a price with the person offering assistance.

If danger is imminent, call the emergency services. HM Coastguard andthe RNLI do not normally make claims for salvage. However there will beoccasions where a boat is in imminent danger and salvage has to beaccepted without an agreement onpayment (i.e. the amount of any payment will be settled later), andtherefore a skipper and salvor should be very clear on what is beingagreed at the time.

Every situation is unique and there are a number of factors a skipper should take into account when considering the options:

• Safety of people on board
• Proximity to hazards
• Weather conditions
• Current, tide and sea state
• Potential for anchoring 

If a boat is in distress, it’s unlikely the skipper will be able toarrange a written agreement, so a verbal agreement, witnessed by othercrew members or individuals on board, of ‘salvage services’ upon theprinciple of ‘no cure, no pay’ should be offered.

Skippers should also consider trying to agree salvage subject to theterms of the Lloyd’s Open Form, which is a simple form of salvageagreement and gives jurisdiction to determine the reward to Lloyd’s ofLondon arbitrators, rather than the courts.

Salvage without prior agreement

If you find yourself subject to a salvage claim without prioragreement; for example if your boat has been salvaged without yourknowledge after it has broken free of its moorings or any suchcircumstances where salvage is unavoidable, most insurance policiesrequire immediate written notice of any accident or of any claim. Nonegotiations, payments, settlements, admissions or terminations of anyclaim should be made without the written consent of the insurers.

If a salvage claim arises after your boat has been saved, notify yourinsurers straight away and leave the negotiations to them

Free advice for RYA members 

RYA members are entitled to free legal advice on any salvage ortowage issues, while also having access to further in-depth salvage andtowage information, including a download of the Lloyd's Standard Form ofSalvage Agreement, online.

More information about salvage laws